Amit Chawla
Entering the room
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By Amit Chawla
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From Amit Chawla,
Wireless / Networking Guide.
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Bus, ring, star, and other types of network topology
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In networking, the term “topology” refers to the layout of connected devices on a network. This article introduces the standard topologies of computer networking.
Topology in Network Design
One can think of a topology as a network’s virtual shape or structure. This shape does not necessarily correspond to the actual physical layout of the devices on the network. For example, the computers on a home LAN may be arranged in a circle in a family room, but it would be highly unlikely to find an actual ring topology there.
Network topologies are categorized into the following basic types:
Bus
Ring
Star
Tree
Mesh
More complex networks can be built as hybrids of two or more of the above basic topologies.
Bus Topology
Bus networks (not to be confused with the system bus of a computer) use a common backbone to connect all devices. A single cable, the backbone functions as a shared communication medium that devices attach or tap into with an interface connector. A device wanting to communicate with another device on the network sends a broadcast message onto the wire that all other devices see, but only the intended recipient actually accepts and processes the message.
Ethernet bus topologies are relatively easy to install and don’t require much cabling compared to the alternatives. 10Base-2 (“ThinNet”) and 10Base-5 (“ThickNet”) both were popular Ethernet cabling options many years ago for bus topologies. However, bus networks work best with a limited number of devices. If more than a few dozen computers are added to a network bus, performance problems will likely result. In addition, if the backbone cable fails, the entire network effectively becomes unusable.
Ring Topology
In a ring network, every device has exactly two neighbors for communication purposes. All messages travel through a ring in the same direction (either “clockwise” or “counterclockwise”). A failure in any cable or device breaks the loop and can take down the entire network.
To implement a ring network, one typically uses FDDI, SONET, or Token Ring technology. Ring topologies are found in some office buildings or school campuses.
Star Topology
Many home networks use the star topology. A star network features a central connection point called a “hub” that may be a hub, switch or router. Devices typically connect to the hub with Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Ethernet.
Compared to the bus topology, a star network generally requires more cable, but a failure in any star network cable will only take down one computer’s network access and not the entire LAN. (If the hub fails, however, the entire network also fails.)
Tree Topology
Tree topologies integrate multiple star topologies together onto a bus. In its simplest form, only hub devices connect directly to the tree bus, and each hub functions as the “root” of a tree of devices. This bus/star hybrid approach supports future expandability of the network much better than a bus (limited in the number of devices due to the broadcast traffic it generates) or a star (limited by the number of hub connection points) alone.
Mesh Topology
Mesh topologies involve the concept of routes. Unlike each of the previous topologies, messages sent on a mesh network can take any of several possible paths from source to destination. (Recall that even in a ring, although two cable paths exist, messages can only travel in one direction.) Some WANs, most notably the Internet, employ mesh routing.
A mesh network in which every device connects to every other is called a full mesh. As shown in the illustration below, partial mesh networks also exist in which some devices connect only indirectly to others.
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Summary
Topologies remain an important part of network design theory. You can probably build a home or small business network without understanding the difference between a bus design and a star design, but understanding the concepts behind these gives you a deeper understanding of important elements like hubs, broadcasts, and routes.
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The Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model (OSI Reference Model or OSI Model for short) is a layered, abstract description for communications and computer network protocol design, developed as part of the Open Systems Interconnection initiative. It is also called the OSI seven layer model.
To recover from the system failure using Automated system Recovery.
1. Make sure you have the following items before you begin the recovery procedure.
* Your previously created Automated System Recovery (ASR) floppydisk.
* Your previously created backup media.
* The original Operating System installation CD.
2. Insert the original Operating System installtion CD into CD-ROM.
3. Restart your computer. If prompted to press a key in order to start computer from CD, press the appropriate key.
4. Press F2 when prompted during the text-only mode section of setup. You will be prompted to insert the ASR floppy disk you have previously created.
5. Follow the directions on the screen.
To Create an Automated System Recovery set using Backup.
* Open Backup.
The backup utility Wizard starts by default, unless it is disabled.
* Click the Advanced Mode button in Backup utility Wizard.
* On the Tools menu, click ASR Wizard.
* Follow the instructions that appear on your screen.
Important
* You will need a blank 1.44 MB floppy disk to save your system settings & media to contain the Backup files.
Note:
To start backup, click Start, point to All Programs, point to Accessories, point to System Tools, & then click Backup.
Only those system files necessary for starting up your system will be backed up this procedure.
How to log on to Windows XP if you forget your password or your password expires and you cannot create a new one.
Note: If you have not created a Password reset disk, and you have also forgetten the password for all the user accounts, you cannot log on to your existing Windows installation for security reasons. This information applies to starting Windows XP typically in Safe Mode, and to Recovery Console. In this case, you must perform a “Clean” installation of Windows XP,, recreate all users accounts, & then reinstall.
MORE INFORMATION
To log on to Windows XP, use any one of the following methods.
Method 1:
Method 2:
I will update tommorow
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Anti-virus vendors have updated their virus definition files and the worm will be detected if you have the latest virus definition files installed.
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